istoryworld
Events relating to athens
Alexander the Great, at the age of sixteen, conducts his first successful military campaign – against the Thracians
The Macedonians develop the catapult as a siege engine for the armies of Philip II and Alexander the Great
Philip of Macedon defeats Athens and Thebes at Chaeronaea, giving him control of Greece
Before departing for the east, Alexander destroys Thebes and enslaves the Thebans for rebelling against the League of Corinth
Alexander is presented in Troy with a shield, said to have been dedicated by Athena to the Trojans, which will always accompany him into battle
Ptolemy begins to transform Alexandria into a centre of Greek culture, founding his famous 'museum' and library
The first Roman road, the Via Appia, links Rome with Capua
Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma emerge as India's trio of main gods, with the Vedic religion of the Aryans evolving into Hinduism
The flexibility of the Roman legion transforms the Greek phalanx into an even more effective fighting machine
Phoenicia is brought into the new Hellenistic empire, changing hands frequently between contending successors of Alexander
Pyrrhus lands in Italy, with 25,000 men and 20 elephants, to fight for the Greek colony of Tarentum against the Romans
The Jews of Alexandria commission the Greek translation of the Old Testament which becomes known as the Septuagint
A clash in Sicily, between Rome and Carthage, leads to the First Punic War
A Carthaginian quinquereme, captured by the Romans, is used as the model for the first Roman fleet - constructed in two months
The new Roman fleet wins a decisive victory over the Carthaginians at Mylae, thanks largely to the 'raven' (corvus in Latin)
The Romans evolve a system of numerals which, until the end of the Middle Ages, is a handicap to western arithmetic
A Roman naval victory at Trapani, off the northwest tip of Sicily, completes the blockade of the Carthaginians and ends the First Punic War
Spain, with its mines of gold, silver and copper, is a hotly disputed region between Carthage and Rome
Hamilcar Barca dies fighting in Spain, after establishing a strong Carthaginian presence in the peninusula
A treaty defines the Ebro river as the Spanish boundary between Carthage and Rome
Hannibal succeeds to the command of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, on the death of his brother-in-law Hasdrubal
Carthaginian Spain is handed over to Rome to become two new provinces, at the end of the Second Punic War
Seafarers reach and colonize the Pacific island of Samoa
The oasis city of Palmyra acquires importance on the caravan route between Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean
The Romans, after defeating Macedon, announce at the Isthmian Games that all Greek states are now free under Roman protection
