istoryworld
Events relating to rome
At the end of his year as consul, Caesar travels north to become governor of northern Italy and southern France
Julius Caesar begins the long slow process of pushing Roman occupation steadily northwards in France (or Gaul)
Julius Caesar makes the first of his two invasions of Celtic Britain
Julius Caesar returns to Britain for a second visit, this time reaching north of the Thames into the kingdom of Cassivellaunus
The death of Crassus at Carrhae brings to an end the first triumvirate
The Celtic leader Vercingetorix inflicts an unaccustomed defeat on Julius Caesar, at Gergovia, but is captured later in the year
In his winter quarters Julius Caesar writes The Gallic War, an account of his own achievements in suppressing the Gauls
Gladiators have metal studs on their boxing gloves, and a public bout is expected to go on until the loser dies
The senate, controlled by Pompey and his faction, orders Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome
Julius Caesar crosses the river Rubicon (the southern boundary of Gaul) with his army – and in doing so launches a civil war
Pompey flees from Rome at the approach of Caesar, and boards a ship at Brindisi to sail eastwards
Julius Caesar moves fast to drive Pompey's supporters from Italy and to crush forces loyal to him in Spain
Julius Caesar defeats his rival Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and makes himself master of the Roman world
Vercingetorix is a prize exhibit in Caesar's great triumph in Rome, but the Celtic chieftain is strangled once the procession is over
Julius Caesar goes to Africa to confront the remainder of Pompey's forces, and defeats them at Thapsus – but two of Pompey's sons escape to Spain
Cleopatra travels to Rome with Caesarion, whom Caesar now officially recognizes as his son
In the final act of his long struggle with supporters of Pompey, Julius Caesar defeats their last survivors at Munda in Spain
Julius Caesar's new calendar is introduced, at a time when its predecessor has become out of step with the seasons by three months
On March 15, the Ides of March, Julius Caesar is stabbed to death during a meeting of the senate
Mark Antony gives a dramatic speech in praise of Caesar, calming the crowd but also positioning himself for the next stage in an ongoing power struggle
Octavian, an 18-year-old student in Apollonia, hears that he has been named by his uncle, Julius Caesar, as his successor and heir
After their victory at Philippi, Octavian returns to Rome and Mark Antony remains in the east to control the extremities of the empire
Virgil's reputation is established by his ten Eclogues, influenced by the Italian countryside in the region of his birth near Mantua
Herod, appointed king of Judaea by the senate in Rome, establishes his rule over Palestine
Maecenas buys a farm for Horace, in the Sabine hills near Tivoli - the most fruitful of his many acts of patronage
