istoryworld
Events relating to athens
The Normans, as seen in the Bayeux tapestry, invade England in Viking longships with fortified platforms for archers
Harold, hurrying south to confront the Normans after his victory at Stamford Bridge, is defeated and killed at Hastings
Pope Gregory VII decrees that only the church may make ecclesiastical appointments, thus initiating the investiture controversy between pope and emperor
Anselm includes in his Proslogion his famous 'ontological proof' of the existence of God
St Bruno and six companions retire to Chartreuse, in the French Alps, and establish the Carthusian order
Toledo is captured from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Castile, who continues the city's traditions of religious tolerance
The Domesday Book provides the Normans with an inventory of England
Roger I, the first Norman count of Sicily, completes the conquest of the island from the Muslims
Pope Urban II preaches the first crusade, urging the Christians of Europe to march east to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims
Peter the Hermit, an old monk on a donkey, leads the largest of the popular groups from Germany on the first crusade
Benedictine monks, wishing to return to the early ideals of the order, form a community at Cîteaux which becomes the Cistercian order
After a siege of seven months, the city of Antioch falls to the knights of the first crusade
Konya, in central Turkey, becomes the capital of the Seljuk Turks, who call themselves sultans of Rum
Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants
Greek texts, translated by Arabic scholars in Baghdad, gradually make their way through the Muslim world to Christian Europe
Chinese potters in the Song dynasty develop the wares known as celadons, with thick transparent green glazes
The chansons de geste, performed by professional minstrels in castles and manors, celebrate the exploits of Charlemagne and his paladins
The Knights of St John of Jerusalem become an established order under papal protection
St Bernard establishes a new monastery at Clairvaux, from which he presides over the rapid expansion of the Cistercian order
The Knights Templar are founded, to protect pilgrims from the Muslims on the journey to Jerusalem
A popular French poem, the Chanson de Roland, turns a minor disaster in one of Charlemagne's campaigns into a tale of epic heroism
The fall of Edessa prompts the pope, Eugenius III, to call for a second crusade to defend the Latin kingdom
A new form of pious devotion is seen in Chartres, with people painfully dragging wagons of stone to enlarge the cathedral
A bishop in the crusader territories of the Middle East has news of a fabulously wealthy Christian king, Prester John
Gilbert of Hastings, an English priest, becomes bishop of the recovered see of Lisbon - the first of many such links between England and Portugal
